The Effects Of Mandatory Arrests On Domestic Violence Essay

Introduction With approximately 1.3 million women being victimized by an intimate partner each year and one in every four women experiencing domestic violence at some point in her life-time, domestic violence, also referred to as intimate partner violence Even after decades of increased activism and raised awareness by government agencies, the public and many nonprofit organizations, domestic violence still remains a serious problem within the United States. In order to combat domestic violence, many states passed laws and legislation requiring police to make warrantless arrests in response to all domestic violence calls. Harvard scholar, Radha Iyengar, who has studied domestic violence related homicide and the effects of mandatory arrest policies for domestic violence, suggests that although these policies were created to help victims, the solution of mandatory arrests in domestic violence incidents, led to many negative consequences; putting many women in danger, rather than helping them (Iyengar). Though designed to deter violence by offenders, mandatory arrest laws make women more vulnerable to being arrested themselves, lead abuse in domestic violence disputes to become more severe, and deter women from reporting violence to police (Strout). The mandatory arrest law, falling under the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), though originally passed in 1994, has been reauthorized in 2000 and 2005. With the VAWA expiring in 2011, reauthorization of this act, including itsShow MoreRelatedMandatory Arrests For Domestic Violence1682 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: MANDATORY ARRESTS 1 MANDATORY ARRESTS 8 Mandatory Arrests for Domestic Violence Do More Harm than Good Colby Heywood University of Massachusetts - Lowell Mandatory Arrests for Domestic Violence Do More Harm than Good Domestic violence, or intimate partner violence, is a common problem. As a result, the criminal justice adapted to demands, especially from feminists, who bemoaned the poor response of police, and in turn, the justice system by instituting mandatory arrests. HoweverRead MoreThe Issue Of Domestic Violence959 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Mandatory arrest policies oversimplify the issue of domestic violence, offering a one-size-fits-all solution to a complex social problem† (Zelcer, 2014, p.560). Mandatory arrest laws were created to protect and help victims of domestic violence. However, there have been many issues with this law. Understanding the positive strides made by this law and the negative or unintended consequences allows for a better understanding of mandatory arrest laws and social issues that face society today. ExaminingRead MoreThe Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment1198 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Looking at what we know about the prevention of domestic violence and studies that have led to more affective practices in eliminating and preventing domestic violence with repeat offenders. The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment, was just that an experiment by police to determine the effects of arrest versus separation of individuals involved in a domestic dispute. The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment also led to experiments in other cities including Omaha Nebraska, MiamiRead MoreThe Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment is also known as (MDVE), was an experiment that evaluated the effectiveness of the police when they responded to domestic violence calls in Minneapolis. This experiment was conducted during early 80’s for over a year by Dr. Lawrence W. Sherman who at the time was the Director of Research at the Police Foundation that is a non-profit foundation to assist police department to become extra effective and by the Minneapolis Police Department with all the monetaryRead MoreLessening the Occurrence of Domestic Violence2040 Words   |  8 Pagescease domestic violence and all the horror it brings, but for centuries, no one has been capable of conceiving the perfect solution to end this madness, or have they? Did you know that women are more likely to be battered, molested, or even killed by a current or past male partner than by anyone else? A lot of people have come to realize this and in an attempt to fight intimate partner violence in the past two decades, many states have started and still are necessitating mandatory arrests of thoseRead MoreThe Story Of A Woman Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesendless verbal abuse, killing their self-esteem and their will to live. Domestic violence is an epidemic that is on the rise around the world. We must come together and propose a solution to help women feel safe and secure in their homes and in their relationships . Per the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, approximately twenty people are abused by an intimate partner every minute (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence). We have seen this number steadily increasing over the past fewRead MoreDomestic violence: Power and Control1495 Words   |  6 PagesShivana Per. Power and Control DESCRIPTION Domestic violence as well as emotional abuse are behaviors used by one person in a relationship as a means of control over the other person. The status of the relationship between those in a domestic violence situation varies. They can be married or unmarried; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated or just dating. One in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime. That is an estimated 1.3 million women becomingRead MorePolice Response to Domestic Violence Calls and How it Effects Victims2045 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the years, how police officers and police departments view domestic violence has changed drastically. Before the 1960s, police were not properly trained on how to handle any domestic violence cases. The police did not even want to know about it because they felt like it was none of their business. It is something that they believed happened in the home and needed to be dealt with both partners. They needed to work out their issues and not involve the police. â€Å"In 1967, the InternationalRead MoreAggravated Assault As An Unlawful Attack2493 Words   |  10 Pagesassault (FBI: Ten-Year Arrest Trends Table 32). For 2012, the number of arrests decreased for both age groups: under 18 at 23,119 and over 18 at 237,033 (FBI: Ten-Year Arrest Trends Table 32). The total number of males who were arrested for aggravated assault in 2012 was 201,049 which is a slight decrease from 2003 at 239,489 (FBI: Ten-Year Arrest Trends Table 33). Females arrested for aggravated assault is significantly lower at 62,450 in 2003 and 59,103 in 2012 (FBI: Ten-Year Arrest Trends Table 33)Read MoreAmerican Sociological Review On Domestic Violence3762 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Deaths, altercations, arrests, and separations. What could they possibly all have in common? That would be domestic violence. From professional football players to celebrities that have committed domestic violence. Domestic violence is now a trending topic that is being heard throughout the country. Lawrence Sherman and Richard Berk conducted a domestic violence experiment in Minneapolis. In April of 1984 this experiment came out in the American Sociological Review, Volume 49, Issue

Essay on German Genocide Target - 841 Words

It is hard to picture that along with others that, 6 million Jews were targeted and killed during the Holocaust. It is astonishing to realize how racist and cruel the Nazis acted towards the Jews. According to A Teacher’s Guide to the Holocaust, once Hitler was in control of the German government â€Å"he translated his harsh feeling toward Jews into many policies and statutes which eroded the rights of German Jews from 1933-1939† (â€Å"Victims†). The anti-Jewish racist legislation passed The Nuremberg Laws in September, 1935. These laws made an extremely in depth Nazi definition of who was Jewish. A lot of people who did not think of themselves as Jewish were now being seen as targets of Nazi discrimination. Jewish is not seen as a race,†¦show more content†¦I think many German people and Nazis were pressured to join the Nazi Party in this mass murder because, if found or caught helping out the Jews in any way they were considered traitors and possibl y killed as well. Jews and only the Jews were singled out for total elimination. Even though the Germans did not want a few groups in their way, they did not want to kill them off. The ideal of reducing inferior Polish and Russian populations to create space for a stretched out German Reich would not be realized, but the elimination of as many Jews as possible from the world stage stayed Germanys all time major concern, to which resources sustained to be directed even as the war was being lost. Nor were the Jews given a opportunity to change or correct their customs. The Nazis did not want the Jews to inner mix with Germans so they created a law. At no point in time, for any reason was a Jew allowed to break these laws, or they would be torture, maybe even murdered. According to the Commentaries to the German Racial Laws of 1936, â€Å"The Blood Protection Law deals with the segregation of Jewish and German blood from the biological point of view†¦ As an acute danger threaten ed the German people from Jewry alone, the law aims primarily at the prevention of further mixing of blood with the Jews (â€Å"The Yellow Star† 4). When Jews rights were being taken away, a lot of Jews attempted to run away from Germany, and thousands succeededShow MoreRelatedThe Events That Occur Within Genocide966 Words   |  4 Pages One very profound characteristic of the events that occur within genocide is how one group becomes the dominating leader over the group whom they are targeting. Most of the time, the group that is targeted is the group that inhabits the lowest people within that countries’ society. This explicit event occurs in both with the Aborigines in Australia and the Herero/Nama in South-West Africa. Both places endured a genocide that targeted the group of people within each society that the world believedRead MoreGenocide: A Historical Perspective Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Dictionary.com Genocide is the â€Å"deliberate a nd systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† A few notable examples of genocide would be the War in Darfur, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Holocaust which are all among some of the worst genocides of the 20th century. The situation in Darfur is in part still going on today, while the Holocaust and Rwandan genocide are now a serious part of our world’s history. Each of these three genocides occurred due to politicalRead MoreThe Genocide And The Holocaust1198 Words   |  5 PagesThere have been several genocides in the past century. The Cambodian Genocide and the Holocaust are two of the great tragedies of the twentieth century. The Holocaust occurred in Germany and Eastern Europe. The Cambodian genocide took place in Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge was an overwhelming communist force that took Phnom Penh by surprise. In Cambodia, â€Å"21% of the population was killed. That is about 1.7 million people that lost their lives† (â€Å" Past Genocides†). There was little commotion or outcryRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The World War II1123 Words   |  5 Pageshuman even worse is how the Jewish people were targeted. Killing a specific group of people is called Genocide. A crime known to the U.N. as the worst crime a human can do. People in Europe in 1939 to 1945 were in terror due to war. Jews on the other hand had to endure punishment that no human deserves. The Holocaust serves as an event where millions died and suffered, it gave birth of the term â€Å"genocide†. Unspeakable acts were committed during the time, not only did people die, but many were treatedRead MoreCauses of Genocide Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pages Genocide is an action that is not unique to any one set of specific circumstances. It knows no bounds of time or location. From thousands or years ago to present day and on every civilized continent, the eradication of entire groups of people has occurred. The current definition of genocid e was established by the United Nations in 1948: â€Å"(a) Killing members of [a] group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of lifeRead MoreMotives Behind Genocide : Genocide Negatively Affects Perpetrators By Perpetuating Distorted Thinking About The Self And Others1628 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Hawes Bombard 10, November 2015 Motives behind Genocide â€Å"Genocide negatively affects perpetrators by perpetuating distorted thinking about the self and others, including cognitions that dehumanize those who are targeted† (qtd. in â€Å"Resolution against Genocide†). Genocide causes millions of innocent individuals and families to be tortured and murdered in numerous inhumane ways. The violence that is used in genocide is caused by the false beliefs inside ones mind. Eugenics, socioeconomic statusesRead MoreWhy Is The Killing Of A Million A Lesser Crime?1440 Words   |  6 PagesGenocide Essay â€Å"Why is the killing of a million a lesser crime than the killing of an individual?† -Raphael Lemkin referring to genocides. Genocides are organized exterminations committed with intent to destroy a whole group based on religion, ethnicity, and race. The Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, Darfur, and the Rwanda genocide were all terrible events in history, but why did they occur? The form of genocide had existed since the perception of superiority and inferiority was known. AsRead MoreThe Holocaust Denial1324 Words   |  6 Pagesestablish a nation with pure German or an Aryan race. In order to achieve his goal, Hitler commanded isolation and eventually extermination of the impure groups in Germany. Anyone with impure blood is Germans enemy. Under Hitlers regime, Germans considered the following groups as their enemies: Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and mentally handicapped people (Thirty-six questions). Germans targeted Jews the most among all these groups. Jewish cult ure greatly differs from German culture, such as religionRead MoreHolocaust Resistance: The Largest Jews Revolt Holocaust Resistance958 Words   |  4 Pagessorts, ranging from committing suicide and dying with dignity to lashing out and killing their captors (â€Å"Jewish Resistance to the Nazi Genocide†). Within the camps there were individuals who openly fought back against the Germans, for instance Meir Berliner, who killed an SS soldier with only a knife as a weapon (â€Å"Acts of Resistance†). However, one murder of a German soldier resulted in more than a hundred Jews being killed as retribution and so individual rebellions we’re not favored. (â€Å"Acts of Resistance†)Read MoreThe Rwanda Genocide Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagestargeted at specific groups of people due to either their ethnicity or beliefs. This paper will discuss the characteristics of the Rwanda Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust. The Rwanda Genocide targeted the Tutsis because of their ethnicity, while the Holocaust targeted the Jews because of their ethnicity and religion. To really understand the Rwandan Genocide and the Final Solution, one must understand the background of the two exterminated peoples. The Tutsis are an ethnic group that resides in

The ABCD Rule Detecting the Symptoms of Skin Cancer Free Essays

Mary noticed a large, brown spot on her skin. She has been playing tennis in the sun for several years without sun protection. She reported the discovery to a friend, who told her to apply the ABCD rule to determine whether or not she had malignant melanoma. We will write a custom essay sample on The ABCD Rule: Detecting the Symptoms of Skin Cancer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her friend told her that if her answer was â€Å"no† to the questions that were asked by the ABCD rule, she had nothing to worry about. What is the ABCD rule and should she ignore the spot if her answers are negative? My Mom had skin cancer, so I learned as much as I could about it. I knew the very basics from working in the hospital but as a respiratory therapist my knowledge was limited. The ABCD rule is a simple method by which an individual can screen themselves, friends and family members for melanomas. A is for Asymmetry. If you find a mole and draw an imaginary line through it both sides should look the same, if they do not than that mole would be considered asymmetrical. B is for the border. When looking at a suspicious mole the outline or edges of the mole should be smooth with the skin, if they are raised, blurry or irregular in any way it would be considered an irregular border. C is for the color of a mole. If the color of your moles or a mole has changed it would be cause for concern. For example if you have a tan mole that you have had since you were ten and it turned black, or patchy or even red you would have reason for concern. D is for diameter. Moles should not be greater than I believe 5 or 6 millimeters. If a mole has grown in size many times it will be accompanied by one of the other letters A, B or C. Any of these abnormalities in moles need to be addressed by a physician the sooner the better. If Mary were my friend and she were able to answer no to the ABCD melanoma questions I would still encourage her to make an appointment with her physician.Skin cancer can appear anywhere on the body, moles are not the only site for skin cancer. It is for this reason I would still be concerned for Mary. It is a new spot, and it is large and brown. This â€Å"new† large brown spot on Mary’s skin could be the very early stages of malignant melanoma and could be removed and biopsied by her physician. Another reason I would be suspicious of this brown spot on Mary’s skin is the amount of time she has spent in the sun without protection. I am going to say that Mary’s friend that told her not to worry about it is not looking out for Mary’s best interests.Perhaps she wants Mary out of the Tennis Club Championship so her chances of winning are better? It is important for everyone to know how to screen themselves for many things. The ABCD’s of skin cancer are well known to my family, especially my children. They get quite tired of me looking at their moles routinely. We have lived in Arizona for 18 years and we love the outdoors, so exposure to the Sun’s harmful rays is unavoidable even with sunscreen there is going to be some damage. Being aware of what your bodies normal are can literally save your life.My Mom had a large melanoma on her shoulder, and watching her go through the treatment was painful. She was lucky, as she survived and still golfs just about every day. 2. What is the importance of membranes in the body? What are the three types of membranes? Compare and contrast each type. What homeostatic imbalances may occur relating to membranes, and what are their implications? Membranes are important to the body because they cover body surfaces, line body cavities and act as a protective covering for organs they can also provide lubrication that allows an organ to rub against another organ without causing harm.There are three types of membranes in the human body; serous, cutaneous and mucous. There is a fourth membrane which is synovial it it different from the other three in that it is composed entirely of connective tissue whereas the other three are composed of both connective and epithelial tissues. Each of them plays their own role in maintaining the bodies’ homeostatic balance keeping us healthy and alive. Serous membranes make up the lining of the closed ventral cavities. It’s main purpose is to prevent and or reduce friction between internal organs.It consists of two layers the visceral which covers the outside of an organ and the parietal l ayer which lines a body cavity. An example of this would be lungs. They have both a visceral and parietal layer and lining. This allows for the lungs to expand and deflate with inhalation and exhalation. The serous membrane of the lungs prevents them from creating friction with the heart and diaphragm. A good example of a homeostatic imbalance of the serous membrane is a pneumothorax. There a different types of pneumothorax’ for my example I will use a traumatic pneumothorax, which could be the result of being stabbed.Blood can fill up in the serous membrane of the lung which will cause it to collapse, when this happens it becomes extremely difficult and painful for the patient to breath. If left untreated it can be fatal, the patient go into respiratory failure and can bleed to death. A chest tube needs to be inserted to allow the blood and or air to drain out thereby re-inflating the lung and allowing the patient to breath. I have seen these when I worked in a trauma center, and have assisted with the insertion of a chest tube it is not pretty and often done quickly.Serous membranes are vital to life, and upsetting them or destroying them can lead to painful or even fatal consequences. Cutaneous membranes are our â€Å"suits† they cover our bodies and make them appealing to look at. Of course they have more important functions than looking good. The cutaneous membrane functions to protect us from chemical, thermal and bacterial damage. It is our raincoat so to speak and aids in the regulation of body temperature. The receptors in our cutaneous membranes alert us when we are in contact with hot, cold or sharp things and give us time to get away from the danger.When I curl my hair and the iron just brushes up against my neck I instantly feel the hot and pull the iron away, usually spilling my coffee which can land on my feet which can cause me to jump back. Many things can and will upset our bodies homeostatic balance if our Cutaneous membranes are damaged. One such example would be a cactus needles. Last month we had a four year old come in to the ER, she fell into a cactus I cannot remember what kind but there were literally hundreds of cactus needles in her back and arms.Pulling them out one at a time was not going to work. The doctor had seen on â€Å"Real stories of the ER† a similar situation where they used hair wax remover to pull them out. Surprisingly it worked; of course the girl was sedated with ketamine. The parents were not sedated and Mom passed out. If left in the girls skin, they would most likely have become infected and she could have ended up one sick little girl. The cutaneous membrane does what it can to protect us from outside invaders, but it can only do so much and sometimes it fails.Another example is a preterm baby when they are delivered one of our major concerns is their body temperature; we need to get them warm and keep them warm. We initially wipe of the material left on them from the delivery and continuously changed the blankets they are wrapped in with warm ones. Their skin is not developed enough to keep body heat in, so we have to provide a second skin until they are stable and in an incubator. Mucous membranes, these I know well. They serve to excrete mucous in the respiratory digestive and urogenital tracts.If we are unable to secrete mucous, it can create all kinds of havoc on our bodies. When a patient is intubated and placed on a ventilator they are unable clear their own mucous secretions and it is imperative that we do it for them. We use inline suction; simply put we advance a suction catheter down their trachea just to the carina stimulating a cough and then pull back the catheter while suctioning the mucous out. If this is not done enough a patient can end up with what we call Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia. This can be fatal or at the very least extend their stay in the ICU.Keeping a patient’s lungs clear of mucous is essential to their recovery. Synovial membranes serve to provide movement in our joints, by producing synovial fluid that reduces friction between moveable joints. Unlike the other three membranes that were discussed, synovial membranes are composed of only connective tissue. I have gained a new appreciation of my synovial membranes, specifically those located in my lumbar spine. Friday I had to go in and have a spinal ablation done because my synovial membranes are not doing their job and thereby causing my excruciating back pain.Friction in any joint or lack of synovial fluid can cause bone on bone rubbing which can destroy joints, and gravely limit a person’s ability to move around independently. The membranes that cover our bodies inside and out play a vital role in maintain our homeostatic balance and allowing us to live life to the fullest. Any upset in these membranes can carry some pretty serious consequences and it is important both as a health care professional and a Mom to have the knowledge necessary to identify when there is a problem be able to assess it and put a plan of care into action to regain homeostasis. How to cite The ABCD Rule: Detecting the Symptoms of Skin Cancer, Papers

The Crash Of The Stock Market Brought Many Hard Times. Essays

The crash of the stock market brought many hard times. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was a way to fix these times. John Stuart Mill and John Maynard Keynes were two economists whose economic theories greatly influenced and helped Franklin D. Roosevelt devise a plan to rescue the United States from the Great Depression it had fallen into. John Stuart Mill was a strong believer of expanded government, which the New Deal provided. John Maynard Keynes believed in supply and demand, which the New Deal used to stabilize the economy. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal is the plan that brought the U.S. out of the Great Depression. It was sometimes thought to be an improvised plan, but was actually very thought out. Roosevelt was not afraid to involve the central government in addressing the economic problem. The basic plan was to stimulate the economy by creating jobs. First Roosevelt tried to help the economy with the National Recovery Administration. The NRA spread work and reduced unfair competitive practices by cooperation in industry. Eventually the NRA was declared unconstitutional. Franklin D. Roosevelt then needed a new plan. Keeping the same idea of creating jobs he made many other organizations devoted to forming jobs and in turn helping the economy. One of those organizations was the Civilian Conservation Corps. This corps took men off the streets and paid them to plant forests and drain swamps. Another of these organizations was the Public Works Administration. This organization employed men to build highways and public buildings. These were only some of the organizations dedicated to creating jobs. Creating jobs was important because it put money in the hands of the consumer. This directly affected the supply and demand. The more money they had the more they could spend. This would slowly start a chain reaction and bring the economy back to the way it was before the depression. By the end of the 1930's this plan had lowered unemployment to 17.2%. To make these organizations it was going to take money. Roosevelt had to deficit spend, which is when the government spends more than their budget in one year, in order to obtain this money. Of course these ideas of supply and demand and active government didn't just come to him. He was influenced by John Maynard Keynes and John Stuart Mill. There philosophies were the basis of the New Deal. John Stuart Mill, who began studying economics at age 13, was one of the most influential political thinkers of the mid-Victorian period. He believed in empiricism and utilitarianism. Empiricism is the belief that legitimate knowledge comes only from experience. Utilitarianism is the belief by which things are judged right or wrong. It is judged according to their consequences. In a way he was a hypocrite. When the economy was good he believed in Laisezz-Faire, which means "hands off." If the economy was bad, though, he believed in an extended role of government. This simply meant that the government should take part in the economy and try to make it better. The New Deal was a very active government plan because it had the government working directly to make jobs and fix the economy. Mill died in 1873 and would never had a chance to talk to Franklin D. Roosevelt. In a press conference Franklin D. Roosevelt once said, "I brought down several books by English economists and leading American economists, I suppose I must have read different articles by fifteen different experts."(Schlesinger, Pg.650) This writing indirectly steered Roosevelt towards a plan which expanded the role of government. Mill gave Franklin D. Roosevelt the basis of the plan, but it needed to be elaborated on. John Maynard Keynes was the man to do this. John Maynard Keynes, one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. For many years he was an active voice in economics. In 1929 he wrote We Can Conquer Unemployment and in 1930 he wrote his Treatise on Money. Ten years before he died he wrote his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Above all he believed in supply and demand. This was an indirect way to let the economy balance itself. In order for this system to work people needed money. This could only be done by creating jobs. Keynes also believed that to reduce unemployment the government needed to increase the aggregate demand. The aggregate demand is the total amount of goods being demanded. The government could do this by creating jobs. These jobs would provide people with money to spend on products. The ability to pay and the increase desire to spend would

Too Close for Comfort essays

Too Close for Comfort essays Interpersonal relationships are a one of the most common ways human beings interact with one another other. There is no one set definition because it is such a broad subject with many different components that make communication interpersonal. A good way to explain Interpersonal Communication is, There are few participants involved, the interactants are in close physical proximity to each other, there are many sensory channels used, and feedback is immediate. (Gouran, Dennis, W.E. Wiethoff, First off, I will introduce you to a young woman named Lexi. I first met her last summer when I came down from Reno to attend an open cheerleading clinic. The first time I set eyes on her my heart stopped and I couldnt breath, it was going to be a wonderful and exciting year for me. I was introduced to her and couldnt wait to start talking and getting to know her. At first, over the summer, it was merely a hello goodbye kind of relationship. It didnt help that she was living in Ohio and I was living in Reno. We stayed in contact with one other throughout the summer, not talking for more than fifteen to twenty minuets at a time. When our cheerleading season started at the end of July and I finally got settled down in my house we started to have more conversations and were interacting with each other more often, going to parties, bowling, watching movies together, and so on. Our relationship was building, becoming more personal and intimate so to speak. We also had a non-verbal way of interacting with one another, like flirting. We would wrestle and play fight, which in my mind is a strong communication...

The Fundamentals of Elementary Particle Physics

The Fundamentals of Elementary Particle Physics One of the most startling discoveries of the 20th century was the sheer number of particles that exist in the universe. Though the concept of fundamental, indivisible particles goes back to the ancient Greeks (a concept known as atomism), it wasnt really until the 1900s that physicists began to explore what was going inside matter at the smallest levels. In fact, quantum physics predicts that there are just 18 types of elementary particles (16 of which have been detected by experiment already). It is the goal of elementary particle physics to continue searching for the remaining particles. The Standard Model of Particle Physics The Standard Model of Particle Physics is at the core of modern physics. In this model, three of the four fundamental forces of physics are described, along with the particles that mediate these forces gauge bosons. (Technically, gravity isnt included in the Standard Model, though theoretical physicists are working to extend the model to include a quantum theory of gravity.) Groups of Particles If theres one thing that particle physicists seem to enjoy, its dividing up particles into groups. Here are a few of the groups which particles exist in: Elementary Particles - The smallest constituents of matter and energy, these particles which dont seem to be made from combinations of smaller particles. Fermions - Fermions are particles that have a particle spin equal to a half-integer value (-1/2, 1/2, 3/2, etc.). These particles make up the matter that we observe in our universe.Quarks - A class of fermion. Quarks are the particles that make up hadrons, such as protons and neutrons. There are 6 distinct types of quarks:Bottom QuarkStrange QuarkDown QuarkTop QuarkCharm QuarkUp QuarkLeptons - A class of fermion. There are 6 types of leptons:ElectronElectron NeutrinoMuonMuon NeutrinoTauTau NeutrinoBosons - Bosons are particles that have a particle spin that is equal to an integer (1, 2, 3, etc.). These particles are what mediate the fundamental forces of physics under the quantum field theories.PhotonW BosonZ BosonGluonHiggs Boson - part of the Standard Model. Detected for the first time in 2012 by the Large Hadron Collider.Graviton - theoretically predicted as part of quantum gravity, but not actually part of the Standard Model Composite Particles Hadrons - Particles made up of multiple quarks bound together.Baryons (fermions)Nucleons - protons neutronsHyperons - short-lived particles composed of strange quarksMesons (bosons)Atomic Nuclei - protons and neutrons form together to create the atomic nucleusAtoms - The basic chemical building block of matter, atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.Molecules - A complex structure composed of multiple atoms bonded together. The study of how atoms bond together to form various molecular structures is the foundation of modern chemistry. A Note on Particle Classification It can be hard to keep all the names straight in particle physics, so it might be helpful to think of the animal world, where such structured naming might be more familiar and intuitive. Humans are primates, mammals, and also vertebrates. Similarly, protons are baryons, hadrons, and also fermions. The unfortunate difference is that the terms tend to sound similar to each other. Confusing bosons and baryons, for example, is far easier than confusing primates and invertebrates. The only way to really keep these different particle groups separate is to just carefully study them and try to be careful about which name is being used. Matter Forces: Fermions Bosons All elementary particles in physics are classified as either fermions or bosons. Quantum physics demonstrates the particles may have an intrinsic non-zero spin, or angular momentum, associated with them. A fermion (named after Enrico Fermi) is a particle with a half-integer spin, while a boson (named after Satyendra Nath Bose) is a particle with an integer spin. These spins result in different mathematical applications in certain situations, which is far beyond the scope of this article. For now, just know that the two types of particles exist. Simple mathematics of adding integers and half-integers show the following: Combining an odd number of fermions results in a fermion (because the total spin will still be a half-integer value)Combining an even number of fermions results in a boson (because the total spin will now be an integer value) Breaking Down Matter: Quarks Leptons The two basic constituents of matter are quarks and leptons. Both of these subatomic particles are fermions, so all bosons are created from an even combination of these particles. Quarks are fundamental particles which interact through all four of the fundamental forces of physics: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interaction, and strong interaction. Quarks always exist in combination to form subatomic particles known as hadrons. Hadrons, just to make things even more complicated, are divided into mesons (which are bosons) and baryons (which are fermions). Protons neutrons are baryons. In other words, they are composed of quarks such that their spin is a half-integer value. Leptons, on the other hand, are fundamental particles that do not experience strong interaction. There are three flavors of leptons: the electron, the muon, and the tau. Each flavor is composed of a weak doublet, which is made up of the aforementioned particle along with a virtually massless neutral particle called a neutrino. Thus, the electron lepton is the weak doublet of electron electron-neutrino. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Origin and History of Celtic Knots Research Paper

Origin and History of Celtic Knots - Research Paper Example Computer Science is interested in generating knots through special software. Religion is interested in Celtic knots because of its symbolic structuring of doctrine, the illumination of scriptural texts and the inscription of sacred architecture. My thesis is that the cross, the circle and the Tree of Life are archetypal images which provide a foundation for understanding the history and origin of Celtic Knot art forms, and the elemental meaning is a call to unity, renewal and balance. Body. There are a variety of types of Celtic knots and they are, and have long been, used in jewelry, fabricated in metal, carved from stone and bone, and gracing stone pillars, as protection symbols over doorways, used to illuminate scriptural texts, and for magic and divination. The Trinity knot is quite famous, symbolizing water, fire, earth for nature-based spirituality or, for the Christian Church, Father, Son and Holy Ghost. The spiral is a common pattern and dates back to 2500 BCE. It is thought to represent growth and the cycle of life.There are key and labyrinth designs, and zoomorphic designs, the latter involving birds and animals as part of the interwoven design.Here are images of the main two I am choosing to focus on: the Celtic Cross with a circle, and the Tree of Life. ... Modern day aficionados think of the ancient Celtic peoples as inherently spiritual, nature-connected, intuitive, in touch with alternate realms. This answers a longing in contemporary people.17 This results in a lot of speculative information about the Celts, their art, its meaning and its origin. Celtic knots first appeared in the British Isles during the 7th century, suddenly became extremely popular, and remained the primary art style through the tenth century.18 It was used in decorating sacred books, the most famous of which are The Book of Kells, The Book of Durrow, and the Lindisfarme Gospels.19 A fifth century copy of the book of Acts is considered to be the piece that links Middle Eastern and Celtic knot work.20 Some scholars believe that Celtic knots were adopted originally from Egypt.21 A primary symbol, the cross with circle, can be traced back to ancient Egypt, The Ankh is an Egyptian symbol, a cross with a circle above. It is a symbol still sacred to Egyptian Coptics.22 The cross represents intersection and opposition.23 The Circle represents eternity, continuity and infinity.24. Together, the symbol is one of regeneration.25 The circle is a rough approximation of the female reproductive organ, and the cross is a rough representation of the male reproductive organ.26 In Egyptian imagery, the Ankh is held in the hands of gods and near the lips of pharaohs, as though giving them breath.27 The cross and the circle are both archetypes. Archetypes, a core element in the psychology of Carl Jung, are a common pattern of image structures and shared meaning which can be identified in dreams, myths, legends, symbols, and are channels for psychic energy.28 As archetypes, the circle and cross have deep and ancient meaning. Their